English Liguistics " Semantics 'Reference and Sense' "

Reference is a part of meaning. Assume that there are three trees in a field. Each tree has a unique reference. Each branch on each tree has a unique reference. And each leaf and the field have a unique reference. There are two ways we can look at reference. The first is physical in that each atom and electron has reference whether it can be seen or not. The second is perceptual: this means how we see objects--do we see them as an object or not? We will take the latter approach. Reference also includes imaginary objects: unicorns, leprechauns,...

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English Liguistics "Denotation and Connotation"

Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."¨ For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles having a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions." Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative...

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What is Lexeme and Morpheme

Lexeme is the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other similar units. A lexeme is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms in actual spoken or written sentences, and is regarded as the same lexeme even when inflected. For example, in English, all inflected forms such as give, gives, give,,, giving, gave would belong to the one lexeme give. Similarly, such expressions as bury the hatchet, hammer and tongs, give up, and whüe paper would each be considered a single lexeme. In a dictionary,...

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English Liguistics "Semantics, Pragmatic and the Differences in Meaning"

 What Is Semantics? Semantics refers to the meaning of words in a language and the meaning within the sentence. Semantics considers the meaning of the sentence without the context. The field of semantics focuses on three basic things: “the relations of words to the objects denoted by them, the relations of words to the interpreters of them, and, in symbolic logic, the formal relations of signs to one another (syntax)" [1]. Semantics is just the meaning that the grammar and vocabulary impart, it does not account for any implied meaning. In...

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قائمة الدول التي لا تفرض تأشيرة على المغاربة

هذه قائمة  الدول التي لا تفرض تأشيرة على المغاربة : ...

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English grammar "Difference between conjunctions, relative pronouns and relative adverbs"

Difference between conjunctions, relative pronouns and relative adverbs Conjunctions, relative pronouns and relative adverbs can be used to connect two clauses. The grammar is different. Prepositions do not connect two clauses. They merely show the relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word in the sentence. Relative pronouns Relative pronouns are different from conjunctions. Relative pronouns are important connecting devices. They not only connect two clauses but also act as the subject or object of the verb in the relative clause....

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English grammar "Past simple or present perfect tense" exercise + answers 1

Past simple or present perfect tense? Complete the following sentences using an appropriate past simple or present perfect verb form. 1. When ………………………. from work? a) did she returned b) did she return c) has she returned d) has she return 2. …………………………… to the US? a) Have you ever been b) Did you ever go c) Did you ever been d) Were you ever been 3. She is the most beautiful woman ……………………. a) I had ever seen b) I have ever seen c) I have ever saw d) I ever seen 4. That is the best movie ………………………….. a) I have ever watched b) I had ever watched c)...

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English grammar "Simple present or present continuous tense" exercise + answers 3

Simple present or present continuous Complete the following sentences using an appropriate tense form. 1. My father ………………….. at a bank. a) works b) is working c) Either could be used here 2. My brothers …………………. incredibly well. a) sing b) sings c) are singing 3. I always …………………… a bath before I go to bed. a) take b) am taking c) Either could be used here 4. Susana ………………… English well. a) speaks b) is speaking c) Either could be used here 5. She ………………….. in the garden. a) works b) is working c) Either could be used here 6. ‘What are you doing...

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English grammar "Simple present or present continuous tense" exercise + answers 2

Simple present or present continuous Complete the following sentences using an appropriate simple present or present continuous form. 1. Trees ………………… their leaves in autumn. (shed) (sheds) (are shedding) 2. She ……………….. in her room. (gets dressed) (is getting dressed) 3. Water ………………. at 100 degree Celsius. (boil) (oils) (is boiling) 4. The postman ………………… letters. (bring) (brings) (is bringing) 5. ‘Is dinner ready?’ ‘No I ………………….. it.’ (cook) (cooks) (am cooking) 6. I …………………. a meeting this evening (address) (am addressing) (is addressing) 7....

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English grammar "Simple present or present continuous tense" exercise + answers 1

Simple present or present continuous tense Complete the following sentences using an appropriate verb form. 1. The hen ……………………… eggs. (lay) 2. I ………………………… a cake. (make) 3. The boys ………………….. in the garden now. (play) 4. ‘Which book are you reading now?’ ‘I ………………………. David Copperfield.’ (read) 5. He …………………… milk every morning. (drink) 6. I ……………………….. up every day at 6.30. (get) 7. Fortune …………………… the brave. (favor) 8. Here …………………… the bus. (come) 9. I ………………………… (think) of visiting America. 10. Jacob …………………… care of his baby whenever his...

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English grammar " When the verb has two objects "

When the verb has two objects Many verbs can be followed by two objects – a direct object and an indirect object. Common verbs that can take two objects are: give, take, lent, buy, bring, fetch, get etc. The indirect object usually refers to a person. The direct object usually refers to a thing. Two patterns are possible. 1. Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object This pattern is preferred when the indirect object is a pronoun or when it is shorter than the direct object. Examples are given below. I lent him (indirect object)...

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توحيد المغرب

توجه يوسف بن تاشفين شمالا لمواجهة الزناتيين, واستفاد من الخلافات القائمة بين قادة تلك البلاد، فتحالف مع بعضها من أجل قتال الباقي، واستطاع أن يدخُلَ فاس من دون قتال سنة 455 هـ، إلى أن تمرَّد أهلها، وفي سنة1067م تمكن من فتح كل البلاد الواقعة بين الريف وطنجة. وأعاد فتح فاس بالقوة بعد حصاره لها, فقضى بذلك على شوكة زناتة: مغراوة وبني يفرن، ونظم مساجدها وفنادقها وأسواقها، وخرج منها سنة 463 هـ متوجها إلى...

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المرابطون

المرابطون هي حركة دعوية إصلاحية إسلامية، أسست أول دولة في منطقة المغرب الإسلامي بكامل المعنى، فقد كان المغرب الإسلامي قبل ظهور هذه الحركة مجرد إمارات صغيرة ومبعثرة مبنية على أساس قبلي. اعتمدت الدولة في نشأتها على دعوة الشيخ عبدالله بن ياسين وقوة قبائل صنهاجة، وخاصة قبيلتا لمتونة وجدالة.[1] قتأسست الدولة على منهج إسلامي سني مالكي قويم. وكان لدولة المرابطين دور كبير في نشر الإسلام في...

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